PHP Exceptions
What is an Exception?
An exception is an object that describes an error or unexpected behaviour of a PHP script.
Exceptions are thrown by many PHP functions and classes.
User defined functions and classes can also throw exceptions.
Exceptions are a good way to stop a function when it comes across data that it cannot use.
Throwing an Exception
The throw statement allows a user defined
function or method to throw an exception. When an exception is thrown, the code
following it will not be executed.
If an exception is not caught, a fatal error will occur with an "Uncaught Exception" message.
Lets try to throw an exception without catching it:
Example
<?php
function divide($dividend, $divisor) {
if($divisor == 0)
{
throw new Exception("Division by zero");
}
return $dividend / $divisor;
}
echo divide(5, 0);
?>
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The result will look something like this:
Fatal error: Uncaught Exception: Division by zero in
C:\webfolder\test.php:4
Stack trace: #0 C:\webfolder\test.php(9):
divide(5, 0) #1 {main} thrown in C:\webfolder\test.php on line 4
The try...catch Statement
To avoid the error from the example above, we can use the
try...catch statement to catch exceptions and continue the process.
Syntax
try {
code that can throw exceptions
} catch(Exception $e) {
code that runs when an exception is caught
}
Example
Show a message when an exception is thrown:
<?php
function divide($dividend, $divisor) {
if($divisor ==
0) {
throw new Exception("Division by zero");
}
return $dividend / $divisor;
}
try {
echo
divide(5, 0);
} catch(Exception $e) {
echo "Unable to divide.";
}
?>
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The catch block indicates what type of exception should be caught and the name of the
variable which can be used to access the exception. In the example above, the type of
exception is Exception and the variable name is $e.
The try...catch...finally Statement
The try...catch...finally statement can be used to catch exceptions. Code in the
finally block will always run regardless of whether an exception was caught. If
finally is present, the catch block is optional.
Syntax
try {
code that can throw exceptions
} catch(Exception $e) {
code that runs when an exception is caught
} finally {
code that
always runs regardless of whether an exception was caught
}
Example
Show a message when an exception is thrown and then indicate that the process has ended:
<?php
function divide($dividend, $divisor) {
if($divisor
== 0) {
throw new Exception("Division by zero");
}
return $dividend / $divisor;
}
try {
echo
divide(5, 0);
} catch(Exception $e) {
echo "Unable to
divide. ";
} finally {
echo "Process complete.";
}
?>
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Example
Output a string even if an exception was not caught:
<?php
function divide($dividend, $divisor) {
if($divisor == 0)
{
throw new Exception("Division by zero");
}
return $dividend / $divisor;
}
try {
echo divide(5, 0);
} finally {
echo
"Process complete.";
}
?>
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The Exception Object
The Exception Object contains information about the error or unexpected behaviour that the function encountered.
Syntax
new Exception(message, code, previous)
Parameter Values
| Parameter | Description |
|---|---|
| message | Optional. A string describing why the exception was thrown |
| code | Optional. An integer that can be used to easily distinguish this exception from others of the same type |
| previous | Optional. If this exception was thrown in a catch block of another exception, it is recommended to pass that exception into this parameter |
Methods
When catching an exception, the following table shows some of the methods that can be used to get information about the exception:
| Method | Description |
|---|---|
| getMessage() | Returns a string describing why the exception was thrown |
| getPrevious() | If this exception was triggered by another one, this method returns the previous exception. If not, then it returns null |
| getCode() | Returns the exception code |
| getFile() | Returns the full path of the file in which the exception was thrown |
| getLine() | Returns the line number of the line of code which threw the exception |
Example
Output information about an exception that was thrown:
<?php
function divide($dividend, $divisor) {
if($divisor == 0)
{
throw new Exception("Division by zero", 1);
}
return $dividend / $divisor;
}
try {
echo
divide(5, 0);
} catch(Exception $ex) {
$code = $ex->getCode();
$message = $ex->getMessage();
$file = $ex->getFile();
$line = $ex->getLine();
echo "Exception thrown in $file on line
$line: [Code $code]
$message";
}
?>
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Complete Exception Reference
For a complete reference, go to our Complete PHP Exception Reference.
The reference contains descriptions and examples of all Exception methods.