Go Maps
Go Maps
Maps are used to store data values in key:value pairs.
Each element in a map is a key:value pair.
A map is an unordered and changeable collection that does not allow duplicates.
The length of a map is the number of its elements. You can find it using the len() function.
The default value of a map is nil.
Maps hold references to an underlying hash table.
Go has multiple ways for creating maps.
Create Maps Using var and :=
Syntax
var a = map[KeyType]ValueType{key1:value1, key2:value2,...}
b := map[KeyType]ValueType{key1:value1, key2:value2,...}
Example
This example shows how to create maps in Go. Notice the order in the code and in the output
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = map[string]string{"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": "1964"}
b := map[string]int{"Oslo": 1, "Bergen": 2, "Trondheim": 3, "Stavanger": 4}
fmt.Printf("a\t%v\n", a)
fmt.Printf("b\t%v\n", b)
}
Result:
a map[brand:Ford model:Mustang year:1964]
b map[Bergen:2 Oslo:1 Stavanger:4 Trondheim:3]
Note: The order of the map elements defined in the code is different from the way that they are stored. The data are stored in a way to have efficient data retrieval from the map.
Create Maps Using make()Function:
Syntax
var a = make(map[KeyType]ValueType)
b := make(map[KeyType]ValueType)
Example
This example shows how to create maps in Go using the make()function.
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = make(map[string]string) // The map is empty now
a["brand"] = "Ford"
a["model"] = "Mustang"
a["year"] = "1964"
// a is no longer empty
b := make(map[string]int)
b["Oslo"] = 1
b["Bergen"] = 2
b["Trondheim"] = 3
b["Stavanger"] = 4
fmt.Printf("a\t%v\n", a)
fmt.Printf("b\t%v\n", b)
}
Result:
a map[brand:Ford model:Mustang year:1964]
b map[Bergen:2 Oslo:1 Stavanger:4 Trondheim:3]
Create an Empty Map
There are two ways to create an empty map. One is by using the make()function and the other is by using the following syntax.
Syntax
var a map[KeyType]ValueType
Note: The make()function is the right way to create an empty map. If you make an empty map in a different way and write to it, it will causes a runtime panic.
Example
This example shows the difference between declaring an empty map using with the make()function and without it.
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = make(map[string]string)
var b map[string]string
fmt.Println(a == nil)
fmt.Println(b == nil)
}
Result:
false
true
Allowed Key Types
The map key can be of any data type for which the equality operator (==) is defined. These include:
- Booleans
- Numbers
- Strings
- Arrays
- Pointers
- Structs
- Interfaces (as long as the dynamic type supports equality)
Invalid key types are:
- Slices
- Maps
- Functions
These types are invalid because the equality operator (==) is not defined for them.
Allowed Value Types
The map values can be any type.
Access Map Elements
You can access map elements by:
Syntax
value = map_name[key]
Example
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = make(map[string]string)
a["brand"] = "Ford"
a["model"] = "Mustang"
a["year"] = "1964"
fmt.Printf(a["brand"])
}
Result:
Ford
Update and Add Map Elements
Updating or adding an elements are done by:
Syntax
map_name[key] = value
Example
This example shows how to update and add elements to a map.
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = make(map[string]string)
a["brand"] = "Ford"
a["model"] = "Mustang"
a["year"] = "1964"
fmt.Println(a)
a["year"] = "1970" // Updating an element
a["color"] = "red" // Adding an element
fmt.Println(a)
}
Result:
map[brand:Ford model:Mustang year:1964]
map[brand:Ford color:red model:Mustang year:1970]
Remove Element from Map
Removing elements is done using the delete() function.
Syntax
delete(map_name, key)
Example
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = make(map[string]string)
a["brand"] = "Ford"
a["model"] = "Mustang"
a["year"] = "1964"
fmt.Println(a)
delete(a,"year")
fmt.Println(a)
}
Result:
map[brand:Ford model:Mustang year:1964]
map[brand:Ford model:Mustang]
Check For Specific Elements in a Map
You can check if a certain key exists in a map using:
Syntax
val, ok :=map_name[key]
If you only want to check the existence of a certain key, you can use the blank identifier (_) in place of val.
Example
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = map[string]string{"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": "1964", "day":""}
val1, ok1 := a["brand"] // Checking for existing key and its value
val2, ok2 := a["color"] // Checking for non-existing key and its value
val3, ok3 := a["day"] // Checking for existing key and its value
_, ok4 := a["model"] // Only checking for existing key and not its value
fmt.Println(val1, ok1)
fmt.Println(val2, ok2)
fmt.Println(val3, ok3)
fmt.Println(ok4)
}
Result:
Ford true
false
true
true
Example Explained
In this example, we checked for existence of different keys in the map.
The key "color" does not exist in the map. So the value is an empty string ('').
The ok2 variable is used to find out if the key exist or not. Because we would have got the same value if the value of the "color" key was empty. This is the case for val3.
Maps Are References
Maps are references to hash tables.
If two map variables refer to the same hash table, changing the content of one variable affect the content of the other.
Example
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
var a = map[string]string{"brand": "Ford", "model": "Mustang", "year": "1964"}
b := a
fmt.Println(a)
fmt.Println(b)
b["year"] = "1970"
fmt.Println("After change to b:")
fmt.Println(a)
fmt.Println(b)
}
Result:
map[brand:Ford model:Mustang year:1964]
map[brand:Ford model:Mustang
year:1964]
After change to b:
map[brand:Ford model:Mustang year:1970]
map[brand:Ford model:Mustang year:1970]Iterate Over Maps
You can use range to iterate over maps.
Example
This example shows how to iterate over the elements in a map. Note the order of the elements in the output.
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
a := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4}
for k, v := range a {
fmt.Printf("%v : %v, ", k, v)
}
}
Result:
two : 2, three : 3, four : 4, one : 1,
Iterate Over Maps in a Specific Order
Maps are unordered data structures. If you need to iterate over a map in a specific order, you must have a separate data structure that specifies that order.
Example
package main
import ("fmt")
func main() {
a := map[string]int{"one": 1, "two": 2, "three": 3, "four": 4}
var b []string // defining the order
b = append(b, "one", "two", "three", "four")
for k, v := range a { // loop with no order
fmt.Printf("%v : %v, ", k, v)
}
fmt.Println()
for _, element := range b { // loop with the defined order
fmt.Printf("%v : %v, ", element, a[element])
}
}
Result:
two : 2, three : 3, four : 4, one : 1,
one : 1, two : 2, three : 3, four : 4,