C Operators


Operators

Operators are used to perform operations on variables and values.

In the example below, we use the + operator to add together two values:

Example

int myNum = 100 + 50;
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Although the + operator is often used to add together two values, like in the example above, it can also be used to add together a variable and a value, or a variable and another variable:

Example

int sum1 = 100 + 50;        // 150 (100 + 50)
int sum2 = sum1 + 250;      // 400 (150 + 250)
int sum3 = sum2 + sum2;     // 800 (400 + 400)
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C divides the operators into the following groups:

  • Arithmetic operators
  • Assignment operators
  • Comparison operators
  • Logical operators
  • Bitwise operators

Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform common mathematical operations.

Operator Name Description Example Try it
+ Addition Adds together two values x + y Try it »
- Subtraction Subtracts one value from another x - y Try it »
* Multiplication Multiplies two values x * y Try it »
/ Division Divides one value by another x / y Try it »
% Modulus Returns the division remainder x % y Try it »
++ Increment Increases the value of a variable by 1 ++x Try it »
-- Decrement Decreases the value of a variable by 1 --x Try it »

Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

In the example below, we use the assignment operator (=) to assign the value 10 to a variable called x:

Example

int x = 10;
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The addition assignment operator (+=) adds a value to a variable:

Example

int x = 10;
x += 5;
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A list of all assignment operators:

Operator Example Same As Try it
= x = 5 x = 5 Try it »
+= x += 3 x = x + 3 Try it »
-= x -= 3 x = x - 3 Try it »
*= x *= 3 x = x * 3 Try it »
/= x /= 3 x = x / 3 Try it »
%= x %= 3 x = x % 3 Try it »
&= x &= 3 x = x & 3 Try it »
|= x |= 3 x = x | 3 Try it »
^= x ^= 3 x = x ^ 3 Try it »
>>= x >>= 3 x = x >> 3 Try it »
<<= x <<= 3 x = x << 3 Try it »

Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values (or variables). This is important in programming, because it helps us to find answers and make decisions.

The return value of a comparison is either 1 or 0, which means true (1) or false (0). These values are known as Boolean values, and you will learn more about them in the Booleans and If..Else chapter.

In the following example, we use the greater than operator (>) to find out if 5 is greater than 3:

Example

int x = 5;
int y = 3;
printf("%d", x > y); // returns 1 (true) because 5 is greater than 3
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A list of all comparison operators:

Operator Name Example Result Try it
== Equal to x == y Returns 1 if the values are equal Try it »
!= Not equal x != y Returns 1 if the values are not equal Try it »
> Greater than x > y Returns 1 if the first value is greater than the second value Try it »
< Less than x < y Returns 1 if the first value is less than the second value Try it »
>= Greater than or equal to x >= y Returns 1 if the first value is greater than, or equal to, the second value Try it »
<= Less than or equal to x <= y Returns 1 if the first value is less than, or equal to, the second value Try it »

Logical Operators

You can also test for true or false values with logical operators.

Logical operators are used to determine the logic between variables or values:

Operator Name Description Example Try it
&&  Logical and Returns 1 if both statements are true x < 5 &&  x < 10 Try it »
||  Logical or Returns 1 if one of the statements is true x < 5 || x < 4 Try it »
! Logical not Reverse the result, returns 0 if the result is 1 !(x < 5 && x < 10) Try it »

Sizeof Operator

The memory size (in bytes) of a data type or a variable can be found with the sizeof operator:

Example

int myInt;
float myFloat;
double myDouble;
char myChar;

printf("%lu\n", sizeof(myInt));
printf("%lu\n", sizeof(myFloat));
printf("%lu\n", sizeof(myDouble));
printf("%lu\n", sizeof(myChar));
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Note that we use the %lu format specifer to print the result, instead of %d. It is because the compiler expects the sizeof operator to return a long unsigned int (%lu), instead of int (%d). On some computers it might work with %d, but it is safer to use %lu.

Why Should I Know the Size of Data Types?

Using the right data type for the right purpose will save memory and improve the performance of your program.

You will learn more about the sizeof operator later in this tutorial, and how to use it in different scenarios.


C Exercises

Test Yourself With Exercises

Exercise:

Fill in the blanks to multiply 10 with 5, and print the result:

int x = 10;
int y = 5;
printf("", x  y);

Start the Exercise



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